استكشاف توزيع المواد البلاستيكية الدقيقة والمعادن الثقيلة في التربة الزراعية وتقييم مؤشرات المخاطر في مدينة أربيل

القسم: Article
إصدار
مجلد 34 عدد 4 (2025): المجلد 34 العدد 4
منشور
Oct 5, 2025
##editor.issues.pages##
24-35

الملخص

تُعد المواد البلاستيكية الدقيقة (MPs) والمعادن الثقيلة (HMs) ملوثات جديدة تشكل تهديدات محتملة على البيئة والصحة البشرية. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تقييم تركيز المواد البلاستيكية الدقيقة والمعادن الثقيلة وانتشارها والمخاطر الصحية المحتملة لها في التربة الزراعية بمدينة أربيل، العراق. سيتم تقييم جودة المواد البلاستيكية الدقيقة من خلال تحليل عينات التربة المأخوذة من ستة مواقع زراعية باستخدام مطيافية الأشعة تحت الحمراء بتقنية تحويل فورييه (FT-IR). احتوت مواقع الدراسة والنباتات على أشكال مختلفة من المواد البلاستيكية الدقيقة، بما في ذلك PET وPA وPE وPS وPP. قد تحتوي عينات S3–S5 على آثار من هياكل عطرية، مما يشير إلى تلوث بـ PS أو نواتج تحلل PET. لوحظت أعلى كمية من جزيئات البلاستيك لكل جرام من التربة في الموقع S4 من PET، مع نطاق يتراوح من 0 إلى 2.88 ± 0.55. تم تقييم المعادن الثقيلة مثل Ba و Co و Cr و Cu و Fe و Mn و Ni و Pb و Zn في مواقع التربة ونوعين نباتيين مختلفين باستخدام جهاز ICP. كانت مستويات الكروم والمنغنيز والنيكل والحديد والزنك في العينات المفحوصة أعلى من المستويات المسموح بها من قبل منظمة الأغذية والزراعة (FAO). بناءً على تلوث البلاستيك الدقيق والمعادن الثقيلة، تم تصنيف الموقعين S2 و S6 ضمن فئة الخطورة المتوسطة، بينما أظهر الموقع S4 مستوى خطر بيئي مرتفع. وفقًا للبيانات التي تم الحصول عليها من MPs و HMs، تم الإبلاغ عن أقوى الارتباطات الإيجابية بين الألومنيوم و PET (بولي إيثيلين تيريفثالات) MPs (r = 0.82)، بينما كان الارتباط بين الرصاص و PS (r = 0.78). بالإضافة إلى ذلك، ستقوم الدراسة بتقييم ما إذا كان من الممكن أن تدخل المواد البلاستيكية الدقيقة والمعادن الثقيلة إلى سلسلة الغذاء وتشكل خطرًا على صحة الإنسان.

المراجع

  1. P. J. Landrigan, H. Raps, M. Cropper, C. Bald, M. Brunner, and E. M. Canonizado, "The Minderoo-Monaco commission on plastics and human health," Ann. Glob. Health., vol. 89, p. 23, 2023. : https://doi. org/10.5334/aogh.4056.
  2. C. E. Enyoh, L. Shafea, A. W. Verla, E. N. Verla, W. Qingyue, and T. Chowdhury, "Microplastics exposure routes and toxicity studies to ecosystems: an overview," EAHT, vol. 35, pp. 202-208, 2020. doi: 10.5620/eaht.e2020004.
  3. P. Bian, Y. Liu, K. Zhao, Y. Hu, J. Zhang, and L. Kang, "Spatial variability of microplastic pollution on surface of rivers in a mountain-plain transitional area: a case study in the Chin Ling-Wei River Plain, China," Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., vol. 232, pp. 113-119, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113298.
  4. R. K. Naik, M. M. Naik, P. M. D'Costa, and F. Shaikh, "Microplastics in ballast water as an emerging source and vector for harmful chemicals, antibiotics, metals, bacterial pathogens and HAB species: A potential risk to the marine environment and human health," Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 149, pp. 110-120, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110525.
  5. R. Geyer, J. Jambeck, and K. L. Law, "Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. ," Sci Adv., vol. 3, pp. 220-227, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782.
  6. D. K. Barnes, F. Galgani, R. C. Thompson, and M. Barlaz, "Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments," Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci, vol. 364, pp. 1985-1998, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0205.
  7. D. R. Munhoz, P. Harkes, N. Beriot, J. Larreta, and O. C. Basurko, "Microplastics: a review of policies and responses," MP, vol. 2, pp. 1-26, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics2010001.
  8. L. Feld, V. H. d. Silva, F. Murphy, N. B. Hartmann, and J. Strand, "A study of microplastic particles in Danish tap water," Water, vol. 13, p. 2097, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13152097.
  9. H. Park and B. Park, "Review of microplastic distribution, toxicity, analysis methods, and removal technologies," Water, vol. 13, p. 2736, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13192736.
  10. K. J. Groh, T. Backhaus, B. Carney-Almroth, B. Geueke, P. A. Inostroza, and A. Lennquist, "Overview of known plastic packaging-associated chemicals and their hazards," Sci. Total Environ., vol. 651, pp. 3253-3268, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.015.
  11. L. Yu, J. Zhang, Y. Liu, L. Chen, S. Tao, and W. Liu, "Distribution characteristics of microplastics in agricultural soils from the largest vegetable production base in China," Sci. Total Environ., vol. 756, pp. 143-149, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.143860.
  12. S. L. Wright and F. J. Kelly, "Plastic and human health: a micro issue?," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 51, pp. 6634-6647, 2017. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.7b00423.
  13. J. Gasperi, S. L. Wright, R. Dris, F. Collard, C. Mandin, and M. Guerrouache, "Microplastics in air: are we breathing it in?," Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health. , vol. 1, pp. 1-5, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.10.002.
  14. T. Hüffer, A.-K. Weniger, and T. Hofmann, "Sorption of organic compounds by aged polystyrene microplastic particles," Environ. Pollut. , vol. 236, pp. 218-225, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.022.
  15. H. Jia, D. Wu, Y. Yu, S. Han, L. Sun, and M. Li, "Impact of microplastics on bioaccumulation of heavy metals in rape (Brassica napus L.)," Chemosphere, vol. 288, p. 132, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132576.
  16. S. Abbasi, F. Moore, B. Keshavarzi, P. K. Hopke, R. Naidu, and M. M. Rahman, "PET-microplastics as a vector for heavy metals in a simulated plant rhizosphere zone," Sci. Total Environ, vol. 744, p. 140, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140984.
  17. A. R. Khan, Z. Ulhassan, G. Li, J. Lou, B. Iqbal, and A. Salam, "Micro/nanoplastics: Critical review of their impacts on plants, interactions with other contaminants (antibiotics, heavy metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and management strategies," Sci. Total Environ. , vol. 912, p. 169, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-025-03314-0.
  18. L. Gao, D. Fu, J. Zhao, W. Wu, Z. Wang, and Y. Su, "Microplastics aged in various environmental media exhibited strong sorption to heavy metals in seawater," Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 169, p. 112, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112480.
  19. S. Chen, T. Feng, X. Lin, Z. Hou, L. Chao, and X. Zhang, "Effects of microplastics and cadmium on the soil-wheat system as single and combined contaminants," PPB, vol. 196, pp. 291-301, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.023.
  20. L. Ding, D. Huang, Z. Ouyang, and X. Guo, "The effects of microplastics on soil ecosystem: A review," Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health. , vol. 26, p. 100, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100344.
  21. S. Babalola, A. Babalola, and O. Aworh, "Compositional attributes of the calyces of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)," J. Food Technol. Africa., vol. 22, pp. 122-130, 2001. https://doi.org/10.53287/mhac6591xt42q.
  22. C. E. Enyoh, A. W. Verla, and M. R. J. Rakib, "Application of index models for assessing freshwater microplastics pollution," WNOFNS, vol. 38, pp. 37-48, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2022004.
  23. M. Kumar, X. Xiong, M. He, D. C. Tsang, J. Gupta, and E. Khan, "Microplastics as pollutants in agricultural soils," Environ. Pollut. , vol. 265, p. 114, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114980.
  24. L. Hakanson, "An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach," Water Res., vol. 14, pp. 975-1001, 1980. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8.
  25. C.-Y. Shih, Y.-H. Wang, Y.-J. Chen, H.-A. Chen, and A. Y.-C. Lin, "Enhanced sorption of the UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor on aged PET microplastics from both experimental and theoretical perspectives," RSC Adv., vol. 11, pp. 32494-32504, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA05013C.
  26. A. C. Pereira and F. Romero, "A review of the meanings and the implications of the Industry 4.0 concept," Procedia Manuf, vol. 13, pp. 1206-1214, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.032.
  27. M. Mazhar, M. Abdouss, Z. Shariatinia, and M. Zargaran, "Graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid monomers onto polypropylene fibers," Chem. Ind. Chem. Eng. Q., vol. 20, pp. 87-96, 2014. DOI:10.2298/CICEQ120428104M.
  28. A. E. Kabir, M. Sekine, T. Imai, K. Yamamoto, A. Kanno, and T. Higuchi, "Assessing small-scale freshwater microplastics pollution, land-use, source-to-sink conduits, and pollution risks: Perspectives from Japanese rivers polluted with microplastics," Sci. Total Environ., vol. 768, p. 144, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144655.
  29. D. N. Michler-Kozma, L. Kruckenfellner, A. Heitkamp, K. P. Ebke, and F. Gabel, "Uptake and transfer of polyamide microplastics in a freshwater mesocosm study," Water, vol. 14, p. 887, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14060887.
  30. Z. Steinmetz, C. Wollmann, M. Schaefer, C. Buchmann, J. David, and J. Tröger, "Plastic mulching in agriculture. Trading short-term agronomic benefits for long-term soil degradation?," Sci. Total Environ., vol. 550, pp. 690-705, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.153.
  31. L. Ding, S. Zhang, X. Wang, X. Yang, C. Zhang, and Y. Qi, "The occurrence and distribution characteristics of microplastics in the agricultural soils of Shaanxi Province, in north-western China," Sci. Total Environ., vol. 720, p. 137, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137525.
  32. Y. Chen, Y. Leng, X. Liu, and J. Wang, "Microplastic pollution in vegetable farmlands of suburb Wuhan, central China," Environ. Pollut. , vol. 257, p. 113, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113449.
  33. P. van den Berg, E. Huerta-Lwanga, F. Corradini, and V. Geissen, "Sewage sludge application as a vehicle for microplastics in eastern Spanish agricultural soils," Environ. Pollut. , vol. 261, p. 114, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114198.
  34. M. Alsafran, M. H. Saleem, H. Al Jabri, M. Rizwan, and K. Usman, "Principles and applicability of integrated remediation strategies for heavy metal removal/recovery from contaminated environments," J. Plant Growth Regul., vol. 42, pp. 3419-3440, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10803-1.
  35. T. Chiroma, R. Ebewele, and F. Hymore, "Comparative assessment of heavy metal levels in soil, vegetables and urban grey waste water used for irrigation in Yola and Kano," IRJES, vol. 3, pp. 01-09, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2014.77088.
  36. A. Al-Bedhany, "Geochemical evaluation pollution for some heavy metals in basra soil," UTJsci., vol. 5, pp. 34-42, 2015. https://doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v5i2.112.
  37. M. M. El-Sherbiny, A. I. Ismail, and M. E. El-Hefnawy, "A preliminary assessment of potential ecological risk and soil contamination by heavy metals around a cement factory, western Saudi Arabia," Open Chem., vol. 17, pp. 671-684, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0059.
  38. A.-K. H. Al-Rubaiee and M. R. Al-Owaidi, "Assessment of heavy metal contamination in urban soils of selected areas in Hilla City, Babylon, Iraq," Iraqi J. Sci., pp. 1627-1641, 2022. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2022.63.4.21.
  39. A. Medyńska-Juraszek and B. Jadhav, "Influence of different microplastic forms on pH and mobility of Cu2+ and Pb2+ in soil," Molecules, vol. 27, p. 1744, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051744.
  40. Y.-l. Liao, Q.-x. Tang, and J.-y. Yang, "Microplastic characteristics and microplastic-heavy metal synergistic contamination in agricultural soil under different cultivation modes in Chengdu, China," J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 459, p. 270, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132270.
  41. W. A. Chiu, D. A. Axelrad, C. Dalaijamts, C. Dockins, K. Shao, and A. J. Shapiro, "Beyond the RfD: broad application of a probabilistic approach to improve chemical dose–response assessments for noncancer effects," EHP, vol. 126, pp. 12-19, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3368.
  42. M. H. Rabin, Q. Wang, C. E. Enyoh, X. Kai, and T. F. Sheuty, "Distribution, potential sources, and health risk of microplastics (MPs) in street dust during and after COVID-19 lockdown in Bangladesh," Environ., vol. 10, p. 130, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments10070130.
  43. Y. Zhao, Q. Deng, Q. Lin, C. Zeng, and C. Zhong, "Cadmium source identification in soils and high-risk regions predicted by geographical detector method," Environ. Pollut., vol. 263, p. 114, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114338.

##default.groups.name.author##

سيران يوسف جلال

قسم العلوم البيئية والصحة، كلية العلوم، جامعة صلاح الدين، أربيل، العراق

المعرفات

https://doi.org/10.33899/jes.v34i4.49251
تنزيل هذا الملف
PDF (English)

الإحصائيات

التنزيلات

بيانات التنزيل غير متوفرة بعد.

كيفية الاقتباس

[1]
جلال S. Y. ., "استكشاف توزيع المواد البلاستيكية الدقيقة والمعادن الثقيلة في التربة الزراعية وتقييم مؤشرات المخاطر في مدينة أربيل", JES, م 34, عدد 4, ص 24–35, 2025.
##submission.copyrightAndLicensing##
Creative Commons License

هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.