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Journal of Rafidain Environment (JRE) is a peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal published semi-annually by the College of Environmental Sciences, University of Mosul. The journal publishes original research and review articles in environmental science and related disciplines. JRE focuses on contemporary environmental challenges, promoting academic knowledge and international scientific collaboration. All submissions undergo double-blind peer review and plagiarism screening, and the journal adheres to COPE ethical guidelines.