عقد الاستثمار العقاری -دراسة مقارنة-

القسم: RESEARCH
منشور
Mar 1, 2023
##editor.issues.pages##
1-60

الملخص

یعد الاستثمار العقاری أحد أدوات الاستثمار التی یمکن اعتمادها فی تحقیق التنمیة الاقتصادیة، ومن أهم صور الاستثمار العقاری هو الاستثمار فی قطاع العقارات السکنیة، ولأهمیة هذا النوع من الاستثمار لا بد من تنظیمه فی قانون یحمیه وعقد ینظم احکامه. الأمر الذی دعا الکثیر من الدول الى تنظیمه تنظیمًا دقیقًا فی تشریعات خاصة، ولکن ونتیجة لعدم تنظیمه بتشریعات خاصة من قبل بعض الدول کالعراق مثلاً ظهر الاختلاف فی تکییفه القانونی  بین عقد مسمى  وغیر مسمى وکان ذلک بالطبع بسبب تنظیمه فی قوانین خاصة بالاستثمار والتطویر العقاری . فهو عقد غیر مسمى فی القانون العراقی وهو مسمى فی القانون الفرنسی والمصری والإماراتی والقطری والبحرینی.ونتیجة لتنظیم هذا العقد على شکل نماذج معدة مسبقًا من قبل الطرف الأول التی لا تقبل التفاوض والتغییر فی بنودها فی العقد یمکن تکییفه بأنه عقد من عقود الإذعان.ولکون التسجیل رکن أساس من أرکان العقود الواردة على التصرفات العقاریة فی التشریعات العراقیة یمکننا القول بأنَّ عقود الاستثمارات العقاریة الواردة على عقارات غیر مکتملة الإنشاء ما هی إلا عقود خارجیة غیر مکتملة الأرکان . وعلى العکس من ذلک بالنسبة للتشریعات التی تأخذ بمبدأ انتقال الملکیة بمجرد إبرام العقد کالقانون المدنی الفرنسی الذی لا یعد الشکلیة رکنًا أو شرطًا فی انتقال الملکیة العقاریة.فضلا عن ذلک فأن هذا العقد ذو طبیعة خاصة مستقلة، له ما یمیزه عن العقود الأخرى التی تتشابه به، والتزام البائع فیه هو التزام بتحقیق نتیجة، ولیس التزامًا ببذل عنایة، وتتمثل هذه النتیجة، فی تسلیم الوحدة العقاریة المتفق علیها، وفقًا للمواصفات التی حددها الطرفان من قبل .وإذا ما أخل أحد اطراف العقد فسوف تترتب مسؤولیة الطرف المخل من خلال تحقق مسؤولیته العقدیة والتی یمکن تعریفها بأنها  - النظام القانونی الذی یهدف إلى جبر الضرر الذی یحدث للشخص المضرور من العقد الاستثماری نتیجة فعل الطرف الآخر وحسب الضوابط القانونیة والهدف من إثبات هذه المسؤولیة هو إزالة أثر الفعل الضار عن طریق التعویض- .وإذا ما تحققت مسؤولیة الشرکات الاستثماریة من خلال تحقق أرکانها لا بد من ترتب آثارها القانونیة ولعل أبرز الاثار المتحققة منها هی دعوى المسؤولیة وما یترتب على هذه الدعوى من آثار تم إیضاحها فی البحث.

المراجع

  1. Ahmed Hashem Abd and Muthanna Abdul Kazem Mashav, contract for the sale of real estate off-plan, without year and location
  2. An article published on the Internet, pulled from the website, https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/.
  3. An article published on the Internet, pulled from the website, https://www.albayan.ae.
  4. Dr. Abbas Al-Sarraf, Explanation of the Sale Contract in the Kuwaiti Civil Law, 1st Edition, House of Scientific Research, Kuwait, 1975.
  5. Dr. Abd al-Razzaq Ahmad al-Sanhoury, mediator in explaining civil law, Egyptian Universities Publishing House, Cairo, 1952.
  6. Dr. Abdel Aziz Al-Mursi Hammoud, Lights on the practical problems raised by the unregistered real estate sale contract, Arab Renaissance House, Cairo, 1997.
  7. Dr. Abdul Razzaq Al-Sanhoury, Mediator in Explanation of Civil Law, Part 1, Theory of Commitment in General, Sources of Commitment, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo 1964.
  8. Dr. Adnan Sarhan, d. Ali Ahmed Al-Mahdawi, d. Youssef Muhammad Qassem Obeidat, Summary of Explanation of the Sources of Obligation in the Federal Civil Transactions Law, University Library - Sharjah, 1, 015-2.
  9. Dr. Ahmad Shawqi Muhammad Abd al-Rahman, Research Studies in Civil Liability, Volume One, Personal Civil Liability in Egyptian and French Jurisprudence, Manshaat al-Maaref, Alexandria, first edition.
  10. Dr. Ahmed Ibrahim Al-Hiyari, Buyer Protection in the Sale of Building Under Construction, Research published in the Journal of Law, Scientific Publication Council, Kuwait University, Issue 4, Year 33, December, 2009.
  11. Dr. Alaa Hussein Ali, Sale Contract Under Construction (Legal Study), 1st Editi 18. Dr. Medhat Al-Quraishi, Economic Development (theories, policies and topics), first edition, Wael Publishing House, Amman, 2007.
  12. Dr. Amr Taha Badawy Mohamed, The legal system for real estate development / a comparative study, research published in the Journal of Law and Economics, issued by the Faculty of Law / Cairo University, No. 92 / Supplement 4 /, 2020.
  13. Dr. Asaad Diab Tariq, Researches in Determination, Editing and Land Registry, Modern Library Publications, Tripoli, Lebanon, 1985.
  14. Dr. Duha Muhammad Saeed Al Nuaimi, The concept of selling real estate on the map and its legal adaptation, research published in the Journal of Sharia and Law issued by the College of Law, UAE University, Year 26, Issue 49, 2012.
  15. Dr. Hassan Ali Al-Thnoon, The General Theory of Obligations, Baghdad, 1976.
  16. Dr. Hosni Mahmoud Abdel-Dayem Abdel-Samad, Al-Wajeez in Explanation of the Sale Contract in accordance with the provisions of the UAE Civil Transactions Law No. 5 of 1985, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Ilmia, UAE, first edition 2018.
  17. Dr. Izz al-Din Zouba, the specificity of the real estate sale contract based on designs from the ordinary sale contract / contract for the sale of a property that exists at the time of contracting, research published in the Journal of Laws and Freedoms, experimental issue, University of Mohamed Khedir Biskra, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Algeria, 2013.
  18. Dr. Jamil Tawfik and Dr. Ali Al-Sharif, Financial Management, without the name of a printing press, Cairo, 1984.
  19. Dr. Jassim Ali Salem Al Shamsi, Responsibility of the Real Estate Developer and Investor Rights in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Consultative Research on the Internet Retrieved from http://www.arabruleoflaw.org.
  20. Dr. Mohammed Siddiq Mohammed Abdullah. Legal effects of contracts received on buildings under construction / a comparative study, research published in the Journal of Research of the College of Basic Education / University of Mosul, Volume 16, Issue 4 November / 2020.
  21. Dr. Muhammad Al-Mursi Zahra, Sale of Buildings Under Construction / A Comparative Study in Egyptian, Kuwaiti and French Law, 1st Edition, Syed Abdullah Wahba Press, Cairo, 1989.
  22. Dr. Muhammad Hussein Mansour, Architectural Responsibility, Dar al-Fikr al-Jamii, Alexandria, first edition .
  23. Dr. Muhammad Labib Shanab, Explanation of the Rulings of Contracting in the Light of Jurisprudence and Judiciary, without edition number, Manshaat al-Maaref, Egypt, 2008.
  24. Dr. Munther Al-Fadl, The General Theory of Obligations in the Iraqi Civil Law, a comparative study - tort liability, first edition, with no printing place, 1991.
  25. Dr. Nasr Aboul Fotouh Farid, Looks at the contractual responsibility of the real estate developer / study within the framework of the legislation of the United Arab Emirates, research published in the Journal of Sharia and Law - Issued by the Faculty of Law / Tanta University, Volume 35, Issue 1, March 2020, March.
  26. Dr. Nasser Ahmed Ibrahim, The provisions of the Istisna contract in Islamic jurisprudence / a comparative study, New University House, Alexandria, 2005.
  27. Dr. Ramadan Abu Al-Saud, Principles of Commitment in Egyptian and Libyan Civil Law, Dar Al-Jami`iyyah
  28. Dr. Shawqi Hussein, Finance and Financial Management, without the name of a printing press, Cairo, 1986.
  29. Dr. Shield of Jihad, Civil Responsibility for the Risks of Technological Development, Research published in the Journal of the College of Law, Al-Nahrain University, Volume 9, Number 16, Jumada Al-Awwal 1427, May 2006.
  30. Dr. Suleiman Marks, Al-Wafi Fi Explaining Civil Law (On Obligations - In Harmful Action and Civil Liability) Volume One, Fifth Edition, Without a publishing house, 1992.
  31. Dr. Thanoun Younis Saleh, Ali Salman Saleh Mahdi, the concept of the property sale contract on the engineering design and its legal adaptation / a comparative study, Tikrit University Journal of Law, Year 1, Volume 1, Issue 1, Part 2, September 2016.
  32. Dr.. Abdul Rashid Mamoun, Causal Relationship in Civil Liability, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 1981.
  33. Ethar Musa, the investment contract and the investment agreement - a legal article published on the Internet, pulled from the website https://www.mohamah.net/law.
  34. For Printing and Publishing, Lebanon, 1984.
  35. Fouad Saleh Al Daradkeh, Pledge to Transfer Ownership of Real Estate, Jurisprudential and Judicial Study in Jordanian Civil and Iraqi Civil Laws, New Vision, Research Published in Law Journal, Kuwait University, Issue 1, Year 32, March 2008.
  36. Fourth names, investment definition, article published on the Internet, pulled from the site: https://mawdoo3.com
  37. Frederic Renaudy, Real Estate Development - Contracts and Responsibilities / Real Estate Development in France, a study translated from French, published on the Internet, pulled from the website www.clairance.fr.
  38. Hamdani Dani, The Legal System of the Contract for the Sale of Real Estate by Design in Algerian Legislation, Masters Thesis, 2013.
  39. Hussa Ishaq Al-Hashimis, Buyer Protection Guarantees in the sale of a property under construction, a masters thesis submitted to the Council of the College of Law at the University of Sharjah, 2011.
  40. Ibrahim Al-Mashhadi, The Chosen One from the Court of Cassation, Part 5, Al-Zaman Press, Baghdad, 2000.
  41. Instructions for implementing government contracts No. 2 of 2014 and the attached controls.
  42. Iraqi Civil Law No. 40 of 1951.
  43. Iraqi Real Estate Registration Law No. 43 of 1971.
  44. Muhammad Al-Mursi Zahra, Involuntary Sources of Compliance in the Civil Transactions Law of the United Arab Emirates, Emirates University Press, first edition, 2002.
  45. printed.
  46. Radwan Hamed Al-Rubaie, Compensation for Missing the Opportunity, Masters Thesis submitted to the Council of the College of Law / University of Mosul, 2020.
  47. Radwan Hamid Al-Rubaie, Compensation for Missing the Opportunity, Masters Thesis submitted to the Council of the College of Law / University of Mosul, 2020.
  48. Real estate investment - an article published on the internet at https://ar-ar.facebook.com/almohasb1/posts.
  49. Riman Hasina, Doctrinal responsibility in the field of real estate promotion in the light of Law 11-04 defining the rules governing the activity of real estate promotion, reference of a masters thesis submitted to, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Hajj Lakhdar, Batna, 2010.
  50. Sibel Jaafar Haj Omar, Guarantees of the Contract for the Sale of Buildings Under Construction / Comparative Study, PhD thesis submitted to the Council of the College of Law and Politics, Salah al-Din University, 2011.
  51. The Investment Law in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq No. 4 of 2006.
  52. Zarara Awatef, the obligations of the real estate promoter in the sales contract based on designs, research published in the Journal of Rights and Freedoms, trial issue 2013, issued by the Faculty of Law, University of Mohamed Khider, Biskra, Algeria.
تنزيل هذا الملف

الإحصائيات