البناء العشوائی ومشکلاته القانونیة
الملخص
البناء العشوائی هو بناء یقوم الأفراد بتخطیطه وتشییده على الأراضی المملوکة للدولة، وغالباً ما تکون هذه الأراضی على أطراف المدن ضمن مناطق غیر مخططة وغیر خاضعة للتنظیم ولا یسمح بالبناء علیها، حیث یقوم الافراد بإقامة مبانی تتنافى مع المجال العمرانی للمدن التی تنمو بداخلها أو حولها وتخالف القوانین المنظمة للتخطیط العمرانی. وتعد مشکلة البناء العشوائی من أصعب المشکلات التی تعترض تقدم المجال العمرانی فی معظم الدول العربیة ومنها العراق، والذی استفحلت فیه هذه المشکلة بشکل خطیر فی ظل حالة الفوضى التی یمر بها البلد. وقد حاولت الدول التی عانت من هذه المشکلة أن تتصدى لها بالتشخیص والمعالجة، وتباینت مواقفها التشریعیة فی هذا الصدد بین من عدت المتجاوز الطرف الضعیف فی المعادلة فنظرت له نظرة المتسامح معتبرةً إیاه شخص مغلوب على أمره اضطرته الظروف الحیاتیة الصعبة إلى التجاوز على أراضی الدولة مثل المشرع العراقی والذی تجسد موقفه فی قرار مجلس الوزراء العراقی الصادر فی 24/11/2019 والذی قضى بتملیک الأراضی السکنیة للمتجاوزین علیها، والمشرع المصری فی قانون التصالح فی مخالفات البناء رقم 17 لسنة 2019 وأمام الوجود الواقعی لهذه المشکلة على الأرض، وما تخلفه من انعکاسات خطیرة على جوانب الحیاة الاجتماعیة والصحیة والبیئیة والقانونیة وغیرها، فقد ارتأینا وبحکم التخصص تسلیط الضوء على الانعکاسات القانونیة لها وتحدیداً ما یتعلق منها بالقانون المدنی، حیث نحاول من خلال هذا البحث الوقوف عند بعض المشکلات القانونیة التی یثیرها وجود البناء العشوائی على أرض الواقع واخترنا منها على وجه التحدید مشکلة القیمة القانونیة للتصرفات التی یکون محلها البناء العشوائی، ومشکلة حقوق الغیر المرتبطة بالبناء العشوائی بشکل غیر مباشر والمتمثلة بکل من حقوق الجوار بین ساکنی هذه المبانی العشوائیة، وحقوق دائنی المتجاوز فی التنفیذ على البناء.
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