Noury, Muafq. “Al-Ma’moon’s Education (the Abbaside Caliph) and It’s Effect on His Internal and External Policy”. Adab Al-Rafidayn 38, no. 50 (June 1, 2008): 179–202. Accessed September 10, 2025. https://edusj.uomosul.edu.iq/index.php/radab/article/view/33846.